APA STYLE  | MLA STYLE  | CHICAGO STYLE  | CITING IMAGES IN ALL STYLES

Information credited from APA / MLA / Chiago Manuals 2006-2008

Citing ppl. noting the source of a quote, paraphrase, or idea as an authority or proof.

Citing is the process of giving credit to the sources you used to write your paper. Citations can be located in the text or at the end of the work in a bibliography. It can be difficult to figure out what needs to be credited.

Use this rule of thumb: If you knew a piece of information before you started doing research, generally you do not need to credit it. You also do not need to cite well-known facts, such as dates, which can be found in many encyclopedias. All other information such as quotations, statistics, and ideas should always be cited in your papers.

Anatomy of a Citation

As you create your list of cited sources, it is helpful to know what type of information you need to write down. Here is a citation from a database with each of its important parts labeled.

Parts of a Citation
Orenstein, David. There is Intelligent Life on the Web. Computerworld. 32:39-42. Nov 30 1999.
Author:	Orenstein, David.
Title:	There is Intelligent Life on the Web.
Title of Periodical:	Computerworld.
Volume:	32:
Page(s):	39-42.
Date:	Nov 30 1999.

APA Style

APA Style The main scholarly association for academic psychologists in the United States, the American Psychological Association (APA) has developed standardized methods for citing print and electronic sources used in research. Instructions Alphabetize each entry in a works cited list by the first letter, ignoring the articles A, An, and The. Indent subsequent lines of entries one-half inch. Names: Use initials for first and middle names. Titles: For articles, chapters and books, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle and proper nouns. Fully capitalize periodical titles. Dates: Publication dates use the order year, month day. The access date uses the order month day year. If no publication date is available, use "n.d." in place of date. The following examples are citations from EBSCO databases. If you cannot find some of this information, cite what is available. Different styles may apply when citing print and other sources. Journal Article Pattern: [Author last name], [First initial]. [Middle initial]. ([Publication year]). [Title of article]. [Title of journal], [Volume number]([Issue number]), [Page number starts]-[ends]. Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Silva, L. (2007). Epistemological and theoretical challenges for studying power and politics in information systems. Information Systems Journal, 17(2), 165-183. Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Business Source Premier database. Journal Article w/ No Author Pattern: [Title of article]. ([Publication year]). [Title of journal], [Volume number]([Issue number]), [Page number starts]-[ends]. Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Epistemological and theoretical challenges for studying power and politics in information systems. (2007). Information Systems Journal, 17(2), 165-183. Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Business Source Premier database. Magazine Article Pattern: [Author last name], [First initial]. [Middle initial]. ([Year], [Month] [Day]). [Title of magazine], [Volume number], [Page number]. Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Wood, L. (2007, February 26). Curiously strong teamwork. Business Week, 4023, 90-92. Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Business Source Premier database. Magazine Article w/ No Author Pattern: [Title of article]. ([Year], [Month] [Day]). [Title of magazine], [Volume number], [Page number starts]-[ends]. Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Curiously strong teamwork. (2007, February 26). Business Week, 4023, 90-92. Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Business Source Premier database. Newspaper Article Pattern: [Author last name], [First initial]. [Middle initial]. ([Year], [Month] [Day]). [Title of article]. [Title of newspaper], [Page number starts]-[ends], [Section number]. Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Bodipo-Memba, A. (2007, February 21). AT&T, GM agrees to $1-billion telecommunications pact. Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Newspaper Source database. Newspaper Article w/ No Author Pattern: [Title of article]. ([Year], [Month] [Day])] [Title of newspaper], [Page number starts]-[ends], [Section number]. Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: AT&T, GM agrees to $1-billion telecommunications pact. (2007, February 21). Detroit Free Press. Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Newspaper Source database. Book Pattern: [Author last name], [First initial]. [Middle initial]. ([Publication year]). [Title of work]. [Location]: [Publisher]. Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Melkman, A. (2006). Strategic customer planning. London, UK: Thorogood. Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Business Source Premier database. Book Chapter Pattern: [Author last name], [First initial]. [Middle initial]. ([Publication year]). [Title of chapter]. In [Title of book] (pp. [Page number starts]-[ends]). [Location]: [Publisher]. Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Melkman, A. (2006). Introduction, summary and how to get the most out of this book. In Strategic customer planning (pp. 1-18). London, UK: Thorogood. Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Business Source Premier database. ERIC Document Pattern: [Author last name], [First initial]. [Middle initial]. [Publication year]. [Title of Document]([Document or Report number]). [Place of Publication]: [Publishing Agency Name] (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. [ED# or EJ#]). Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Naples, N. A. (2000). Economic restructuring and racialization: Incorporation of Mexicans and Mexican-Americans in the rural midwest. Working Paper. (Report WP-7). California Univ., San Diego, La Jolla: Center for Comparative Immigration Studies. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED466345). Retrieved March 22, 2007, from ERIC database. Image Pattern: [Title of image]. ([Date of creation]). Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Bush meets Italian president in Rome. (2005). Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Image Collection database. Video / Audio Pattern: [Title of video / audio]. ([Date of creation]). Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [Name of database] database. Example: Presidential and Vice Presidential debates - 1988. (1988). Retrieved February 26, 2007, from Video Encyclopedia of the 20th Century database. Podcast Pattern: [Producer last name], [First initial]. [Middle initial]. (Producer) & [Presenter last name], [First initial]. [Middle initial]. (Presenter). ([Publication Year], [Month] [Day]). [Title of Podcast] [Type of podcast]. [Country of publication]: [Distributor]. Retrieved [Month] [Day], [Year], from [URL] Example: Alper, B. (Producer) & Hayden, E. (Presenter). (2007, March 6). Prevention of HIV infection. Treatment of COPD. [DynaMed Podcast Program]. Ipswich, Massachusetts: EBSCO Publishing. Retrieved March 22, 2007, from http://support.epnet.com/support_news/podcasts/3.6.07_DynaMed_Update.mp3 These are only basic examples of the APA style. More detailed information is available through the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition) and http://www.apastyle.org/. In addition, a variety of third-party style guides and web sites can provide further assistance. Always consult your library resources for the exact formatting and punctuation guidelines.

Chicago: Humanities

Chicago: Humanities Style Begun in the 1890s as a simple list of style rules jotted down on a sheet of paper by a proofreader at the University of Chicago Press, this style guide was expanded and published in book format in 1906, as A Manual of Style. Since then, the Chicago Manual of Style has become a highly regarded and widely used resource for writers and editors in the publishing field. In 1937, Kate Turabian (a dissertation secretary at the University of Chicago) created a simplified guide to Chicago style intended for students. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations is still regularly published as a separate book, and Turabian is often used as a synonym for Chicago style. Chicago/Turabian actually offer two styles of documentation, each one favored by different groups of scholars. The author-date style is widely used by those in the natural or social science fields, while the humanities or documentary-note style is favored by those in literature, history and the arts. Instructions Names: Author names should appear as they do on the title page, whether spelled out or using initials. The first author is listed last name first, but any other authors appear in normal order. Titles: Titles of books, chapters and articles are capitalized sentence-style. Periodical titles are capitalized headline-style. Dates: Use the order: month day year, spelled out. When citing EBSCOhost, EBSCO is always uppercase; host is always lowercase italics. Journal Article Pattern: FirstAuthorLastName, FirstAuthorFirstName, and SecondAuthorFirstName SecondAuthorLastName. "Title of the article." Journal Title VolumeNumber, no. IssueNumber (PublicationYear): StartPage-EndPage. Database Name, EBSCOhost (accessed Month Day, Year). Example: Crainer, Stuart, and Des Dearlove. "Windfall economics." Business Strategy Review 14, no. 4 (2003): 68-72. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 5, 2005). Magazine Article Pattern: FirstAuthorLastName, FirstAuthorFirstName, and SecondAuthorFirstName SecondAuthorLastName. "Title of the article." Magazine Title, FullPublicationDate, StartPage-EndPage. Database Name, EBSCOhost (accessed Month Day, Year). Example: Grossman, Lev. "The Geek Shall Inherit the Earth." Time, October 3, 2005, 98-98. Business Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 5, 2005). Newspaper Article Pattern: FirstAuthorLastName, FirstAuthorFirstName, and SecondAuthorFirstName SecondAuthorLastName. "Title of the article." Newspaper Title, FullPublicationDate, Edition. Database Name, EBSCOhost (accessed Month Day, Year). Example: Kolata, Gina. "Experts unlock clues to spread of 1918 flu virus." New York Times, October 6, 2005, late edition. Academic Source Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 5, 2005). Book Chapter Pattern: FirstAuthorLastName, FirstAuthorFirstName, and SecondAuthorFirstName SecondAuthorLastName. "Title of the chapter." In Book title, StartPage-EndPage. PublishersLocation: PublisherName, PublicationYear. Database Name, EBSCOhost (accessed Month Day, Year). You can get the publisher's name and location from the Publication Details page, found by clicking the Source field in the citation. Example: Freedman, Maurice J. "Libraries in today's world." In World almanac & book of facts, 16-17. New York: World Almanac Education Group Inc., 2004. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed November 5, 2005). These are only basic examples of the Chicago style. More detailed information is available through The Chicago Manual of Style (15th edition), A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (6th edition), and http://www.press.uchicago.edu/Misc/Chicago/cmosfaq/. In addition, a variety of third-party style guides and web sites can provide further assistance. Always consult your library resources for the exact formatting and punctuation guidelines.

Luise V. Hanson Library                      July 24, 2008                             Waldorf College

Which should you use?
Ask each of your professor which style they want you to use. If they have no preference, you can use any or follow these guidelines:

• APA: psychology, education, and other social sciences.
• MLA: literature, arts, and humanities.
• AMA: medicine, health, and biological sciences.
• Chicago: used with all subjects in the "real world" by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications.

(From; B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Library, Long Island UIniversity: http://www.liunet.edu/cwis/cwp/library/exhibits/plagstudent.htm)

Ethics in the Information Age

The term ethics refers to a particular code of conduct which is based upon standards that everyone in a society can agree upon. In order for the Web to continue to flourish it is important that it be used in accordance with certain minimal standards of conduct. The following information relates to ethics and is provided in order to facilitate and communicate a "thinking process" which will help to foster the continued growth as well as preserve the reliability of information on the Web.

Copying Software

With so much information out there for free it is easy to lose sight of the fact that certain individuals or manufacturers do not want their software given away. Remember the old adage, "You get what you pay for" -- be mindful of the fact that bootlegged copies may come with the special added feature -- an uninvited virus!

Plagiarism

The idea of research is to study what others have published and form your own opinions. When you quote people, or even when you summarize or paraphrase information found in books, articles, or Web pages, you must acknowledge the original author.

If you use someone else's words or ideas without crediting them, you are committing a type of theft called plagiarism. Plagiarism can be as obvious as turning in another person's paper or project as your own or as subtle as paraphrasing sections of various works. It is also incorrect to copy text from Web pages or other sources without identifying where they came from.

How can you avoid plagiarism?

Take clear, accurate notes about where you found specific ideas. Write down the complete citation information for each item you use. Use quotation marks when directly stating another person's words. Always credit original authors for their information and ideas.